Month: October 2021

Smartphones act as daily emotion regulation tools [34], that help people to get their needs met [35], thus helping Type D personalities to cope with stress and relieve their emotions. This over-reliance on smartphones for self-regulation may eventually lead to the development of smartphone addiction. According to the Cognitive Dissonance Theory, people make themselves have consistent cognitive attitudes and behaviors and experience discomfort when their behaviors are inconsistent with their cognitions [36, 37]. Individuals with Type D personality are often in a negative emotional state and have a more negative view of themselves, their environment, and others [38]. Type D personality types will seek out negative content to reaffirm their worldview. Smartphones serve as platforms that can reinforce these negative perceptions by providing information and social interactions that align with their existing beliefs, thereby alleviating cognitive dissonance.

• A state of mental consonance feels better to us, and means that we have somehow reconciled our conflicting beliefs, or we have reconciled our behavior and our beliefs so they are in agreement again (Cooper and Carlsmith, 2002).
• In research, a threshold of 0.7 is commonly used as the standard, with values greater than this being acceptable [88].
• Cognitive dissonance is the tension that arises when there is a conflict between a belief and a desire or behavior.
• His alcohol consumption increased and began affecting his work, and functioning.
• The participants felt like hypocrites — but their intention to take the positive action increased.

Acquire new information that outweighs the dissonant beliefs.

This situation created cognitive dissonance in most individuals––they believed that the task was boring, yet for no good reason they had to say quite the opposite. Half of the participants were given a ready excuse for telling this lie––they would be paid $20 to tell the lie. Those with a clear justification ($20) for lying experienced no dissonance and, as one would expect, later reported that the task was really rather boring.

• This model suggests that cognitive factors influence addictive behavior, and metacognition plays a role in addictive behavior [58], providing further support for metacognitive models of psychopathology [57].
• Therefore, to prevent and intervene in smartphone addiction, we can start from both affect (nomophobia) and metacognition (negative metacognitions about smartphone use).
• Zhang, Zhao, Lu, and Yang [79] research showed that information overload and service overload could lead to cognitive dissonance and negative emotions, resulting in discontinuous usage intention.
• The theory of cognitive dissonance proposes that people are averse to inconsistencies within their own minds.
• The effects of prenatal tobacco exposure are particularly concerning because so many expectant mothers smoke—by one estimate, over 10 percent in the United States (Hamilton et al., 2007).
• By using these types of explanations, the smoker is able to reduce the dissonance and continue the unhealthy behavior.

Early Studies of Cognitive Dissonance

This study has discriminant validity, and the lower triangle is the correlation coefficient. Neuroscience research has correlated learning with the elaboration of neural networks in the brain. Many experiments have established that, as learning takes place, selected neurons increase their levels of activity and form cognitive dissonance addiction new connections, or strengthen established connections, with networks of other neurons. Moreover, experimental techniques that prevent neuronal activity and networking inhibit learning. In one study, researchers asked participants to give speeches that would encourage the audience to take a certain positive action.

Social pressures

This is congruent with the findings of existing studies on the relationship between Type D personality and addiction [21, 82]. Our results further demonstrated that individuals with Type D personality spent significantly more time per day on their smartphones and had significantly higher levels of smartphone addiction than those with non-Type D personality. Although smartphone addiction cannot be understood merely as spending https://ecosoberhouse.com/ copious amounts of time using smartphones [83], the amount of time spent using a smartphone tends to be closely related to smartphone addiction [84]. Nevertheless, some studies indicate that the correlation between screen time and smartphone addiction may not be as robust as initially presumed [85, 86]. Consequently, it is imperative to exercise caution when inferring a direct relationship between the two variables.

• Drug-related cognitive deficits may be particularly detrimental to the well-being of individuals whose cognitive performance is already compromised by a mental disorder.
• Studies have shown that many abused substances can reshape the communication pathways between neurons (synaptic plasticity), which could contribute to both the formation and the persistence of maladaptive drug-stimulus associations.
• Successfully managing cognitive dissonance significantly increases the chances of maintaining long-term sobriety.
• Internal consistency reliability is a statistical method used to measure the consistency and reliability of tests or actual measurements in the research.

Bhattacharya et al. (2019) [46] stated that young people are more likely to have more addictive behaviors due to nomophobia. According to the fear avoidance model, people avoid contact with stimuli that they feel fearful and anxious about [47]. In a mobile phone-free scenario, many people experience unbearable anxiety and restlessness [48]. This anxiety may lead them to avoid this anxiety by constantly using their mobile phones.

Mason is detail oriented, organized, efficient oral and written communicator, and passionate about creating a positive workplace for our staff and an excellent recovery environment for our clients. There is also some ambiguity (i.e., vagueness) about the term “dissonance” itself. Is it a perception (as “cognitive” suggests), a feeling, or a feeling about a perception?

Using a two-wave study design, this study was the first to examine the relationship of Type D personality with nomophobia, metacognition of smartphone use, and smartphone addiction. The results not only confirmed the negative effects of Type D personality but also revealed the mechanism of action of Type D personality and further validated the I-PACE model from an empirical perspective. Leon Festinger first proposed the theory of cognitive dissonance, centered on how people try to reach internal consistency. He suggested that people have an inner need to ensure that their beliefs and behaviors are consistent.

How Does Cognitive Dissonance Affect Behavior?

• These factors could include the quality of content, the reliability of the platform, and the level of user engagement.
• One cannot reason with someone on drugs or use logic and data to persuade them out of their distorted reality.
• Research shows that justifications give people the impression that they made a careful decision.
• When cognitive dissonance and addiction collide, it’s like adding fuel to an already raging fire.
• CBT comprises of heterogeneous treatment components that allow the therapist to use this approach across a variety of addictive behaviours, including behavioural addictions.

These differences are likely due to the working conditions night workers are subjected to, which make them particularly vulnerable to stress. It is well established that particularly dangerous and demanding work, especially when performed at night, is a major stressor on the body and can affect the worker’s overall health and well-being 26,51,52. There is some inconsistency in the literature relating to REM sleep abnormalities during sustained recovery. In one study, REM sleep architecture demonstrated a reversal during early recovery, with the first REM sleep episode of the night being the longest, https://ecosoberhouse.com/ despite a lack of depressive disorder in these subjects. The REM sleep architecture normalized over time with continued recovery (Imatoh et al., 1986).

Insomnia As A Co-Occurring Disorder

It’s true, sleep may happen more quickly after consuming a drink or two. Alcohol often does reduce sleep onset latency—the time it takes to fall asleep. Depending on how much alcohol is consumed, however, what seems like falling asleep may be something closer to passing out. And we quickly build a tolerance for the sedative effects of alcohol, which means you may need to drink more to have the same initial sleep-inducing effects. Alcohol is highly effective at suppressing melatonin, a key facilitator of sleep and regulator of sleep-wake cycles. Research indicates that a moderate dose of alcohol up to an hour before bedtime can reduce melatonin production by nearly 20 percent.

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It is generally metabolized at a rate of 0.01 to 0.02 g% per hour (Arnedt et al., 2011b). In addition to the electrophysiologic mechanisms of sleep, Borbely and colleagues postulated a two-process model of sleep regulation (Borbely, 1982). In brief, this model posits that sleep is a function of two independent mechanisms, namely homeostatic sleep drive and circadian rhythmicity. A mismatch between the normally synergistic circadian and homeostatic mechanisms may also lead to circadian rhythm sleep disorders.

Alcohol Dependence and Period Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD).

It is to be noted that individuals in early recovery may overestimate their subjective SOL but underestimate their WASO, as compared to their PSG estimated indices (Conroy et al., 2006b). In patients with delirium tremens (DTs), a higher percentage of Stage 1 sleep with REM (stage 1 period with low voltage EEG alcohol insomnia with REM) was demonstrated (Greenberg and Pearlman, 1967). In this study, one of the subjects had nightmares of hallucinatory intensity during alcohol withdrawal and with 100% Stage 1-REM sleep. As DTs ended, recovery sleep set in as a response to sleep deprivation in most of these patients. However, a subset of patients may have fragmented sleep and disturbances of consciousness that predict a guarded prognosis for future episodes of DTs (Kotorii et al., 1982, Nakazawa et al., 1981).

1. Alcohol Consumption

• A 2020 study found that people with ADHD are more likely to consume alcohol to treat their insomnia symptoms.
• Because alcohol can have a depressive effect on the brain, drinking may help some people fall asleep faster.
• Drinking to fall asleep can cause or worsen some health issues over time.
• People who consistently drink too much alcohol may eventually build up a tolerance to its initial sedative effects.
• Studies of chronic alcohol users have found that these individuals typically experience disrupted sleep patterns with less slow wave sleep and more REM sleep.

Magnesium supplementation had a mixed result on PLMs in an open-label trial of AD patients (Hornyak et al., 2004). In summary, insomnia is prevalent across all stages of AD and may have psychosocial, addiction and psychiatric ramifications. “Although some encouraging results have been seen with gabapentin, quetiapine and CBT-I, these findings need to be replicated using adequately powered studies in individuals with insomnia comorbid with alcohol dependence”. In summary, the preponderance of studies report subjective and objective increase in sleep onset latency and sleep fragmentation with consequently decreased TST in actively drinking subjects with AD. But part of a smart, sleep-friendly lifestyle is managing alcohol consumption so it doesn’t disrupt your sleep and circadian rhythms.

• An upscale home offering flexible mental health and addiction treatment programs, wholly catered to clients and their needs.
• For example, people with moderate or severe anxiety who use alcohol in hopes of sleeping better are actually more likely to have sleep problems.
• Besides just waking you up a lot, alcohol can disrupt your normal sleep patterns enough to create some longer-term issues you may need to address.
• A longitudinal study involving patients sober for 2–3 weeks after withdrawal, demonstrated higher baseline PLMI and PLMI with arousals versus healthy controls (Gann et al., 2002).
• Circadian rhythms are a manifestation of the activity of the primary endogenous pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus, upon which melatonin acts.
• The intensity of insomnia will dictate whether an individual seeks treatment with either prescription or over-the-counter medications, or self-treatment.

How Does Alcohol Withdrawal Affect Sleep?

People with insomnia may have difficulty falling asleep or keep waking up during the night. The major issue is that people may not feel the negative effects at first. They can try it a few times and think their sleeping problems are cured. Eventually, however, they notice that they are tired when they wake up. The solution seems simple; they have another beer, another glass of wine, another shot. The more they take, the more they feel they need, and soon, they’ve built a dependency on alcohol in order to feel relaxed.

Health Categories to Explore

To understand the degree of insomnia, we also divided the sample populations in relation to total score categories and analysed the difference between day and night workers. Retrospectively, subjects with AD reported the presence of insomnia prior to the onset of AD (Currie et al., 2003a). Sleep disturbance has been shown to predict subsequent alcohol consumption in adolescents and adults (Breslau et al., 1996, Wong et al., 2004, Wong et al., 2010, Wong et al., 2015, Ford and Kamerow, 1989, Weissman et al., 1997). This association may be secondary to subjects self-medicating their insomnia with alcohol (Kaneita et al., 2007, Ancoli-Israel and Roth, 1999, Johnson et al., 1998).